Employee Motivation in the Organization a Case Study of Nigerian Ports Authority Essay Example For Students

Worker Motivation in the Organization: a Case Study of Nigerian Ports Authority Essay Section ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 1BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Of the considerable number of components of creation, work is the most significant factor of creation, which is provided by the representatives. The achievement or disappointment of any undertaking is in this way at last predicated on the eagerness or in any case of the individuals who gracefully the work Force. An administrator has a significant influence in planning the endeavors of individual specialists to dynamic hierarchical destinations. His work additionally incorporate arranging, sorting out, driving, coordinating and administering laborers with the goal that they can readily, and joyfully contribute their best to the achievement and accomplishment of corporate destinations. It is relevant to recognize the way that individuals are one of a kind since they have various necessities, various aspirations, various mentalities and wants, various degrees of information and aptitudes just as various possibilities. An administrator ought to perceive these distinctions and devise diverse persuasive projects to address singular issues. On the off chance that an individual’s need is fulfilled he will be propelled to deliver more †All inspirational projects attempt to make conditions that urge laborers to fulfill their necessities on one hand and to achieve the organisation’s targets then again. Inspiration is in this way considered worldwide to be an unavoidable panacea for increment efficiency in the modern or social setting as well as in the establishments of higher learning. Therapist, humanist, anthropologist and the board specialists have propounded important speculations buttressing the criticalness of inspiration. Abraham Maslow (1954)1 in his progressive system of requirements hypothesis conclusion, â€Å"that an individual have five fundamental classes of necessities that propel him to activity. These contain physiological, security, social sense of self and self-realization of requirements. These necessities are organized in a various leveled request beginning from the least which is the physiological to the most elevated I. e. self realization needs†. A need once fulfilled stops to propel while those not yet fulfilled energies or inspire conduct. Maslow accordingly accepts that persuaded conduct is objective coordinated, continued, and thusly results from inner drives or needs that gear an individual enthusiastically. Whenever roused, conduct results from felt needs, at that point perpetually, the director wishes to persuade conduct must be delicate to those agents needs and wants his subordinates feels or, in all likelihood he should find a way to make a sentiment of requirements inside his laborers. As per Ubeku (1975)2, â€Å"it used to be imagined that a decent and effective supervisor was the person who remained over his men and showered request on them to comply. A man who chooses for his men what to do as well as how it ought to be finished. They should acclimate else they would either be taught or excused inside and out. He was the slave master and piece of machinery. He need not counsel his men as they had no plans to advance. He recognized what was beneficial for them and did it†. There is no uncertainty that a proportion of severity is important surely basic, however gone are the times of unbending control and bearing. The relationship are getting progressively unoriginal to get individuals to work adequately in these changed conditions an alternate methodology is essential. The executives that is resolved and wiling to keep up its great picture and status must concentrate on plans and systems that will empower it accomplish its set targets. When there is congruity in an association it uncovers that laborers fulfilled and are content with their occupations. Such laborers will surely show their energies, endeavors, knowledge, insight and so forth to help the executives in accomplishing its goals increment profitability, productivity and expand benefit. Additionally, information about inspirational practices can have suggestions for comprehension employee’s conduct that are significant for the academician, supervisors in the association. 1. 2PROBLEM ANALYSIS The issues of representatives inspiration in association has been a perpetual one. As indicated by Glueck (1980), â€Å"There are three basic factors that influences inspiration and these are singular needs, the idea of the activity and the workplace. Notwithstanding the abovementioned, other main considerations could be liable for laborers low degree of inspiration are helpless wages and pay rates, absence of impetuses horrendous working conditions, helpless management, absence of chance for headway, non-support of representatives in setting authoritative goals, helpless individual arrangement, absence of chance for advance, non-interest of representatives in setting hierarchical targets, helpless staff strategy, absence of professional stability and non gratefulness and affirmation of good endeavors of workers†. Remarking on the laborers negative demeanor to work, McGregor (1960)4 in his hypothesis X suspicions ostulated that the normal individuals has a characteristic abhorrence for work and will attempt to keep away from it if conceivable. One of the reasons for employee’s disappointment and low spirit might be identified with lacking workplace as this may prompt high worker turnover. Hertzberg, (1957) upheld this view when he recognized workplace as one of the elements that causes representative disappointment. In conclusion, the vulnerability in regards to representatives professional stability laborers whose employer stability isn't ensured, are not urged or inspire to place in their best. . 3PURPOSE OF STUDY The reason for this investigation is to feature and examine factors (raised by the board) that makes for worker’s roused and work fulfillment towards expanding his profitability, and utilize those factors so increased as an expectation to quantify the degree or level of representative inspiration and fulfillment in the business. The application and non-use of those factors will be resolved, and it will frame the bedrock of the suggestions that would be given toward the finish of this examination. 1. 4JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY The achievement or disappointment of any association lies on its relative quality, which is a component of its gainful limit. On the off chance that the various components of creation are available, yet that of work expected to outfit them fro successful usage is inadequate with regards to, the association won't ready to understand its targets. Employee’s discouragement or absence of inspiration has brought about genuine harm to numerous associations in the zones of high pace of non-attendance, consistent complaints, visit mechanical change, high work turnover, disciplinary issues and moderate pace of monetary turn of events. Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) has its a lot of these issues. A large portion of the staffs (I. e. lower staffs) are not, at this point committed to their work; consequently show almost no responsibility. The result of these explores will fill in as a guide to the administration of the association in figuring fitting strategies, which will help worker’s spirit and propel them to endeavor towards the achievement of the organization’s objective and destinations. 1. 5LIMITATION OF STUDY In light of the idea of the investigation, the scholarly ability of the respondents and the ecological settling of the examination, one could barely foresee any significant obstruction in the organization and assortment of the survey. Lamentably, the above suspicion didn't mirror the right picture as the scientist experienced different issues during the organization of survey. Some staff gathered and wouldn't finish them, while some lost theirs. A few, particularly the lesser individuals from staff couldn't see a portion of the administration terms utilized in a portion of the inquiry as a result of their degree of education and thus, the specialist needed to invest energy clarifying the surveys, on the ground that there was no monetary profit accumulating to them thereof. Others confounded the aim behind the entire exercise and expected that whatever data they chipped in could be utilized against them. It was satisfying to take note of that the most noteworthy joint effort and backing were acquired from the ranking staff. 1. 6PLAN OF STUDY The information acquired will be assembled based on the reactions to every one of the inquiries contained in the surveys. In regard of the individual information of the respondents, this will be gathered into the classes old enough, sex, conjugal status, training capability and so forth. The reactions to address verging on the topic of inspiration will likewise be assembled and dissected utilizing parentages and the outcomes fittingly deciphered. Individual meetings led on a chose number of both administration/official staff (senior official junior official) and junior staff will likewise be dissected. The main section gives a general outline of the exploration study is about as presentation? The subsequent section is planned for looking at all the significant speculations propounded by prominent researchers of Business Administration, Psychology, Anthropology, human science just as books, periodicals and passages from learned diaries covering the territories of this examination. The third part gives a general knowledge to what the contextual investigation is about. It presents the association, its goals and capacities, its offices and administrations. It additionally examinations the issues and advantages. The fourth section will elaborate in more full subtleties the system embraced, giving the genuine number of polls dispersed to various divisions. The fifth part will do a careful examination of information gathered; it will likewise test the speculations and decipher the outcomes got. This will help in deciding the degree at which the association is persuading its workers. The 6th part gives the discovering, proposals and ends. 1. 7RELEVANT RESEARCH QUESTIONS (1)What job has impetuses played in spurring laborers towards expanded ace

Locke VsHobbes Essay Research Paper Locke versus free essay sample

Locke Vs.Hobbes Essay, Research Paper Locke versus Hobbes Locke and Hobbes were both cultural agreement theoreticians, and both regular law theoreticians, however at that place the similarity closes. All other characteristic statute theoreticians accepted that grown-up male was ordinarily a cultural vitalize being. Hobbes accepted something else, along these lines his choices are strikingly not quite the same as those of other characteristic law theoreticians. What might life and human dealingss resemble without specialists? Thomas Hobbes was the first to attempt to embody this status using a judicious gadget a # 8220 ; psychological test # 8221 ; , known as the # 8220 ; State of Nature # 8221 ; . For Hobbes, the territory of nature was non an existent period ever, yet rather a way of saying 'sorry' how individuals would move in their most essential region. He accepted that everything in the presence was simply iotas in motion, and that geometry and math could be utilized to elucidate human conduct. Blending to his speculations, there were two sorts of motion in the presence: Vital ( nonvoluntary motion, for example, chest rate ) , and Voluntary ( things that we decide to make ) . We will compose a custom article test on Locke VsHobbes Essay Research Paper Locke versus or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Willful motion was so broken into two classs that Hobbes accepted were scientific conditions Desires and Aversions. Wants were things one was moved to or that were esteemed by the individual, while abhorrences were trepidations or things to be dodged by the individual. Hobbes farther accepted that a single # 8217 ; s craving constantly kept the person in question in signal, and that so as to remain in motion, everybody needs a specific evaluation of intensity. In this manner the pursuit of intensity is the characteristic territory of universes. Hobbes so says that nature ahs made work powers in a general sense equivalent. He other than says that individuals were constantly in a fight for power or more all else, they needed to maintain a strategic distance from a fierce expire. In the territory of nature, individuals were ever at war with each other, a war of all against all. Each individual reserved the privilege to make anything they satisfied. Hobbes felt this would go on until individuals found that they could hinder their demise by abstaining from making things that would deliberately risk their lives. Hobbes other than believed that an imperious specialists would come to control so as to execute the cultural agreement by whatever offices essential. He called this Leviathan. People traded their privileges as an end-result of harmony, security, and insurance from each other. John Locke grasped a large number of the musings introduced by Hobbes in his hypotheses on the territory of nature and the ascent of specialists. They varied by the by, in that Locke accepted that God was the chief factor in political relations. He accepted that people were brought into the world with specific rights given non by specialists or society, yet by God. This he stated, is the thing that gives all individuals correspondence. Locke said in the area of nature work powers to a great extent stayed faithful to their commitments and respected their obligations, and, however uncertain, it was generally quiet, acceptable, and charming. He says that universes comprehend what is correct and off base, and are fit for cognizing what is legal and inappropriate great bounty to choose battles. In impossible to miss, and most fundamentally, they are equipped for expressing the distinction between what is theirs and what has a place with individual else. Hobbes says that our cognizance of equitable, genuine answers on such requests is so weak, so little and blemished as to be generally useless in choosing handy proclamations. In a region of nature individuals can non cognize what is theirs and what is individual else # 8217 ; s. Property exists totally by the desire of the territory, so in an area of nature work powers are sentenced to perpetual brutal battle. On the cultural agreement, Locke says we surrender our entitlement to ourselves. We hold the privilege to life and independence, and infer the assurance of our things. Hobbes on a very basic level says, in the event that you shut up and make as you are advised, you have the privilege non to be executed. On the Violation of the cultural agreement, Locke says that if a swayer looks for total force, on the off chance that he demonstrations both as equity and member in contrasts, he places himself in an area of war with his themes. At that point he says we reserve the option to murder such a swayer. Hobbes says that we reserve no option to emerge, on the grounds that a male ruler can make no off-base.

Annotated Bibliography for the Relations between Social Media and Corporations Essay

This article is slanted towards the impact and significance of internet based life as a vital instrument for correspondence for open and private possessed organizations over the globe. By and by, regardless of the shifted benefits that web based life use, associations despite everything think that its hard to use its advantages due to certain components inside associations and how the tasks of the said activities are done. This article thinks about an examination that is enthusiastic about bringing up these clashing variables inside associations and offering proposals on how they can be helped so associations can expand on the utilization of internet based life as a specialized apparatus effectively. Davenport, Shaun W.; Bergman, M. Shawn, Bergman, Z. Jacqueline and Fearrington, E. Matthew: Twitter Versus Facebook: Exploring the job of narcissism in the thought processes and use of various internet based life stages. PCs in Human Behavior: 32-(2014) 212-220. This article ponders the exploration on the connection between long range interpersonal communication destinations (SNS) and narcissism through the perspective of obvious theory examination that is explicit on just fundamental parts of such research. For this situation, Twitter and Facebook were gotten to as the essential long range informal communication destinations with a deduced center around their substance age instead of the generally looked into utilization of its substance; this was in kind identified with as the forerunner among narcissism and SNS use. Thought processes in narcissism in both Facebook and Twitter were seen as fluctuated thinking about that both SNS’s had various parts for correspondence. Fischer, Eileen; Reuber, A. Rebecca; Online enterprising correspondence: Mitigating vulnerability and expanding separation by means of Twitter Journal of Business Venturing - Vol: 29 (2014) 565-583 Fischer and Reuber looked to respond to the subject of whether online correspondence streams have any impact on people vulnerability decrease or improvement of their separation. Through correlations of information from eight firms that use Twitter as their authoritative development instrument, subjective strategies were embraced to help in responding to of this inquiry. Fundamentally and after appraisal of these information, it is apparent that organizations that have an existent multidimensional stream of correspondence are bound to impact the view of people in general about them. Leyland F. Pitt, Michael Parent, Peter G. Steyn, Pierre Berthon, and Arthur Money; The Social Media Release as a Corporate Communication Tool for Bloggers: IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, Vol. 54, No. 2, June 2011 122-133. In this article, the investigation centers around the impact web based life discharge as another specialized instrument effect on bloggers. An expected 332 bloggers are utilized as respondents who react on the impacts of web based life discharges on their own choices of expounding on a specific theme. From the examination discoveries it is apparent that bloggers considerations isn't just affected by the utilization of SMR’s yet additionally their choices and along these lines encouraging the perfect that SMR utilize has monstrous ramifications on correspondences of enterprises. Wood, Lisa: Brands and brand value: Definition and the board; Management Decision Vol 38 No. 2 (2000) 662-669 Lisa Wood pens down an astounding piece proposing the requirement for brand the board as resources of associations which must be accomplished through making connections between brand devotion and esteem and connecting the equivalent to the bookkeeping arrangement of an association. The article for the most part goes around the issue of brand the board as an apparatus of compelling correspondence of an associations value. References Davenport, Shaun W.; Bergman, M. Shawn, Bergman, Z. Jacqueline and Fearrington, E. Matthew: Twitter Versus Facebook: Exploring the job of narcissism in the intentions and utilization of various web based life stages. PCs in Human Behavior: 32-(2014) 212-220. Fischer, Eileen; Reuber, A. Rebecca; Online enterprising correspondence: Mitigating vulnerability and expanding separation by means of Twitter Journal of Business Venturing - Vol: 29 (2014) 565-583 Leyland F. Pitt, Michael Parent, Peter G. Steyn, Pierre Berthon, and Arthur Money; The Social Media Release as a Corporate Communication Tool for Bloggers: IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, Vol. 54, No. 2, June 2011 122-133. Macnamara, Jim; Zerfass, Ansgar: Social Media Communication in Organizations: The Challenges of Balancing Openness, Strategy, and Management: International Journal of Strategic Communication Vol. 6:No. 4, 287-308 Wood, Lisa: Brands and brand value: Definition and the board; Management Decision Vol 38 No. 2 (2000) 662-669 Source archive

Research and Describe Goyas Influences on Romanticism - 2200 Words

Research and Describe Goyas Influences on Romanticism (Essay Sample) Content: Goyas influences on romanticismStudents NameTitle of CourseInstructors NameDate Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes was a Spaniard born on March 30, 1746. Before his death on April 16, 1828, he had managed to create a name for himself that has lasted through the centuries. He was vastly regarded as a printmaker and romantic painter. Although many Spanish artists lived during his time, Goya became the most important artist. Goyas life was associated with immense success and his works created a great influence on both the old and modern artists. He was born to a humble family in the village of Fuendetodos located in Aragon. Goya began his painting career at the age of 14 under the tutorship of Jose Luzan y Martinez. He operated at Luzans workshop as a copier of stamps for four years. He later decided to operate on his own. He then moved to Madrid where he studied with Anton Raphael Mengs. Mengs was a popular painter known for his Spanish royalty. His studies produced un satisfactory results because Goya clashed with his master. Between 1763 and 1766, Goya attempted to submit entry applications for the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, but his request was turned down. After the failure, he moved to Rome where he recorded his first success as a painter (Dowling 449). In 1771, Goya won the second price after participating in a painting competition, which had been organized in the City of Parma. That year, he returned to Saragossa where he painted some areas of the cupolas of the Basilica of the Pillar, the Frescoes of the Sobradiel Palace, and the cycle of frescoes. It was during his studies with Francisco Bayeu y Subias that his painting style began to depict signs of entireties for which he later became famous. It was then that Goya begun to forge a new path, which distinguished him from other artists of his time. It was the birth of a new style, which differentiated his romantic style from that of the other artists. The history of ro manticism is thought to have begun with Adam Elsheimer and Claude Lorrain who died during the 1600s. However, the new style of romanticism did not gain popularity until the 18th century when its heroic element, with the help of the Neoclassicism culture, became embraced in painting. The heroic element was integrated with the revolutionary idealism to create an emotive romantic style that emerged during the start of French Revolution as rebellious move against the controlled academic art within the societal system. The principles of romanticism included a return to nature, a belief in the goodness of humanity, strong belief in emotions and sense, and promotion of justice for all (Alford 482). Ideally, it was an object-oriented undertaking that sought to make the society better through artistic influence. Romantic sculptors and painters used their art creations to express their personal, emotional response to live. The approach depicted a sharp contrast with the principles of universa l values and restraint that had been adopted under the neoclassical art. Some of the greatest romantic painters included Francisco Goya, Henry Fuseli, Caspar David Friedrich, JMV Turner, John Constable, Theodore Gericault, and Eugene Delacroix (Ciofalo 421). The rise of romanticism did not replace neoclassical art, but rather, it created a counterbalance. Although the use of Romanticism declined during the 1830s, its influence continued throughout the years. A widespread adoption of the concept of romanticism was witnessed during the French Revolution in 1789. During that time, the society experienced a notable social change that took place within a single generation. Strong political crises, wars, and revolutions shook the entire Europe. During the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the leaders discovered that the peoples desire for liberty, equality, and fraternity had not been considered (Dowling 450). During the course of time, agitated citizens had formulated new attitudes and ideas towards their leaders and societal systems. The central elements in the neoclassical painting, that is, respect for the responsible human being and the individual had given birth to a new idea. Emotional intuition emerged as people confronted that rational neoclassicism via individual imagination and emotions. Instead of praising the intellectual discipline and stoicism as required by the neoclassicism principles, artists took a new path where they celebrated the perception and emotional intuition of an individual. Therefore, during the beginning of the 19th century, Europe witnessed the introduction of new artistic styles, all of which were associated with romanticism (Glendinning 465). The Romantic Movement began in Germany. It was motivated by a yearning for nature, feeling of isolation, and a sense of weariness of the world. The romantic tendencies appeared in the German, Spanish, French, and English painting. The Romantic Movement championed for creative imagination and intu ition as the basis of all art. Art was used as a tool for expression of the voice within. The most preferred genre among the romantic painters was landscape painting. The genre was manifest in many of the famous styles, which were seen in the Vanitas painting, baroque art, and Biedermeier style (Baldwin 33). Francisco de Goya was an undeniable leader of the Spanish Romantic Art Movement. He demonstrated a natural flair because of his works of fantasy, imagination, irrationality, and terror. Despite the fact that there were many other artists in Europe during his time, his input stood out because of its uniqueness. He became extremely important in the emergence of the modern aesthetic sensibility. He was considered as the forerunner of romanticism because of his in-depth exploration of reality, content of his paintings, reference to the dream world, and originality associated with his technique. His work characterized an imaginative, personal vision that contradicted the views of th e conventional subjects and traditional academicians. During his career development, he made a mark when he got a job as a painter to design materials for the Royal Tapestry Factory in 1765. Within five years, Goya had designed 42 patterns, some of which were used to decorate the Palacio Real del Pardo, stonewalls of the El Escorial, and the residence of the Spanish Monarchs. The opportunity played an instrumental role in bringing his artistic talent to the limelight. The Spanish Monarchs noted his great skill and talent and gave him access to the royal court. The chance became a stepping-stone to his fame and favor among the royal community. In 1783, Goya received a commission from the Count of Florida Blanca to paint his portrait. He also managed to create friendship with the Crown Prince Don Luis whom he painted portraits for his family. During the 1780s, his circle of royal friends grew to include the king, the duke and Duchess of Osuna, and other prominent people in the Kingd om. By 1786, Goya secured a salaried job as a painter to King Charles III. After the death of King Charles III, Charles IV began to reign. It was during that time that the revolution in France begun in 1789 and Goya used the opportunity to rise to the peak of his popularity. He became the court painter to the king in 1789. In 1799, he got a salaried job as the First Court Painter. It was during that time when he produced paintings of the king, queen, pictures of the royal family, and painting of the Prince of Peace among other paintings. The influence of his paintings could be seen in the manner in which paintings of the royal family were created. His portraits contained an element associated with an inclination to flatter. For instance, the portrait of Charles IV of Spain and His Family has always been considered as a satire. Modern interpreters noted the lack of visual diplomacy in the portrait (Baldwin 31). The painting was believed to have been strategically created to reveal the corrupt leadership under Charles IV. During his reign, people believed that his wife, Louisa, had real power. The power attached to her might have been the main reason Goya placed her at the center of the family portrait. Inside the family portrait was a painting of Lot and his daughters. The inclusion of the story might have been used to stress the underlying theme of corruption and moral decadence. Goya also received numerous orders from the Spanish nobility to create paintings. A significant change in his painting style came during the period of convalescence between 1793 and 1794 when he managed to create eleven small pictures that were painted on a tin. The work became widely known as fantasy and invention. Goya often described himself as a student of Rembrandt, Velazquez, and nature. From Rembrandt, he acquired the skill predilection for dark and enigmatic background setting. From Velazquez, he learned how to introduce a feeling of softly shaded color. From nature, he l earned to integrate a variety of forms, both beautiful and ugly. He was a keen observer of the society and he recorded the countrys moral and political crisis towards the end of the 18th century. His influence flawed to the postmodern society because he was a liberal minded man. His works were full of meaning and portrayal of the society during the 18th century and parts of the 19th century. He was a man of enlightenment whose social cycle comprised of progressive intellectuals (Glendinning 471). His work touched on almost every aspect of life, including the imaginary world, religious life, politics, social life, war, and witchcraft. He highlighted various elements of the society that included ignorance, superstition, and bigotry of religious hypocrites, cruelty, mercilessness, injustices, witchcraft, and intellectualism. He was superiorly creative, crafty, imaginative, and determ...

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1221 Words

â€Å"There are six things the Lord hates, seven that are detestable to him: haughty eyes, a lying tongue, hands that shed innocent blood, a heart that devises wicked schemes, feet that are quick to rush into evil, a false witness who pours out lies and a person who stirs up conflict in the community† (Proverbs 6:16-19). The seven deadly sins are named as pride, envy, gluttony, lust, anger, greed, and sloth, and among all of them, pride is claimed to be the deadliest. In Arthur Miller’s play about the Salem Witch Trials, â€Å"The Crucible† pride also finds it’s way to be the most important theme of the play. Almost every character displays pride in oneself just as every person does in reality, but a select few not only condemned themselves but others. Reverend Hale, a christian man, demonstrates pride in his knowledge, the Proctors express pride in their good name and would rather die than lose their honor, and Judge Danforth is never wrong in his eyes and wants to be known as the judge who always makes the right decision. Arthur Millers â€Å"the Crucible† shows that in the town of Salem, Massachusetts in 1962, pride will kill you; if not, arrogance will. My first example of pride comes in when Reverend Hale is asked to depict who is a witch and who is not. He gloats in his own pride that not just one person but an entire town trusts in him to choose who is guilty. He triumphs in his own knowledge about God and the devil. Reverend Hale first comes to Salem in Act â…  . Not only is heShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof t heir way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with three types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experie nces

Taking a Look at the Prevention of Meningitis - 658 Words

A vaccine by definition is a biological advancement that helps keep you immune from a disease. The history of vaccine did not start in 1796 like most think. Vaccines have actually been around for centuries. There is evidence that Chinese Empires had vaccines around 1000 CE, but these vaccines were nothing like what is around today. Edward Jenner made the first modern day vaccine in 1796. Jenner experimented on a boy and came to the conclusion that if he was injected with cowpox and than exposed to small pox that the boy would become immune. Even though his work did not immediately kill out the disease, Jenner inspired other scientists to find out more about vaccines. There are many ways to make a modern day vaccine. First, they take the virus or bacteria and they grow it in a lab. Next they isolate the disease away from the lab materials, which made it grow. Than, they purify the disease, which weakens it. Also, an adjuvant may be added to help the immune system fight off the diseas e. Finally, everything is mixed up and is shipped out to its final destination. Vaccines contain different ingredients based on the vaccine but normally the ingredients include, weakened parts of viruses, Aluminum, antibiotics, formaldehyde, adjuvants, proteins, sugars, and preservatives. Vaccines help immunize the body because when the weakened disease is put into the body, the body makes antibodies to fight off the disease. If the real disease ever came into the body, the body would be able toShow MoreRelatedMeningitis : What Is The History Of The Disease, Where Was It First Discovered?1302 Words   |  6 PagesSamantha Lapierre Ms. Mischke Biology Meningitis Research What is the history of the disease, where was it first discovered? Meningitis is a disease that was first described in ancient texts. The ancient god, Hippocrates described Meningitis in his ancient works. The first recorded outbreak was in Geneva in 1805. Gaspard Vieusseux provided the first clinical description of the disease. Although, the first connection of the disease is by Austrian man, Anton Vaykselbaum, who was the first personRead MoreCerebral Malaria House M.D. season two, episode ten-failure to communicate is about a man named1700 Words   |  7 Pagesis wrong with him. The doctors feel as though he is not giving all the information they need to be able to find what is wrong with him. Stone took a urine test and it showed positive for amphetamines. The doctors do a scan on his carotid artery to look for a blood clot that could be going to his brain and causing the aphasia and the fall, as well as performing an electroencephalography that will show any major changes in his brain activity. During these tests Stone starts choking and coughing andRead More Meningococcal Disease Treatments and Vaccines Essay3072 Words   |  13 Pagesdisease. 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An examination and explanation will then be conducted of at least three reasons to why the strategies are not always as successful as they could be. I will also research other communicable and non-communicable diseasesRead MoreCommunity Health Task 21260 Words   |  6 Pagesreported in two neighboring countries, Mexico (one) and Canada (10).†(CDC, February 11, 2015) According to the Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases textbook aka â€Å"The Pink Book† (2015) which was produced jointly by the Communication and Education Branch, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Measles is a paramyxovirus with the primary site of infection in the nasopharynx. It has an incubation period of 10-12 daysRead MoreShould Vaccines Be Mandatory1492 Words   |  6 PagesShould Vaccinations be Mandatory? 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During this project the researcher will examine the actual importance of communication in the industry and also look closer to see if there is a need for change in the current methods of comminationRead MoreTuberculosis 1406 Words   |  6 PagesMantoux tuberculin skin test is done by injecting a small amount of fluid (called tuberculin) into the skin in the lower part of the arm. A person given the tuberculin skin test must return within 48 to 72 hours to have a trained health care worker look for a reaction on the arm. If at the site of injection there may be raised, hard area or swelling, its size should be using a ruler. If the size is greater than 5cm this indicates the positive result for TB. TB blood tests: TB blood tests (alsoRead MoreLyme Disease : An Infectious Disease1849 Words   |  8 Pagesthin spiral shaped bacteria that wiggle and spin to propel through the bloodstream. 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Caribbean Music Essay Example for Free free essay sample

Topic: In a few paragraphs, describe what is denoted by Caribbean music in a new mode. What emphasis, in this chapter, seems to justify a departure from traditional presentations of music and culture of the Caribbean?Caribbean music is a music mode with a different culture, it’s a new mode before I talk about Caribbean music, I’d like to introduce the geography of the Caribbean first. The Caribbean area is composed of many countries in Central America with a population of over 200 million. The reason why I talk about the geography is that Caribbean’s music is not solely affected by the region itself. Because of the migration in Caribbean region, Caribbean music is this area has had a triple impact. There are Amerindian, African and European.First, the indigenous people of Caribbean are Amerindian, so there is no denying that Caribbean music was affected by the Amerindian. I want to focus on the impact of African and European on Caribbean music. We will write a custom essay sample on Caribbean Music Essay Example for Free or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Caribbean was colonized by European for more than 300 years. For any colonial ruler, integrating their culture into the colonies was something they had to do, including music. The countries of Europe, especially Spain and Portugal, which are located in the Iberian peninsula, have spread their music culture to the whole of Latin America. There is no doubt that European has a great influence on Caribbean music. Another system brought about by colonial rule was slavery. At the same time, black slaves from Africa brought their primitive, grassroots music to this region. As we all know, Africans’ fondness for music is self-evident. Music is most important and happy thing for African to live in a quite poor environment. This is a new music mode that combines these cultures. The impact on the Caribbean music in Africa and Europe is also reflected in the rhythm and music style, for example, the rhythm of Candomble, the music style of reggae. I want to talk about the music style of reggae, the origin of reggae music in Jamaica, but reggae music combines traditional African rhythms, American blues music, and the original Jamaican folklore music. Most of these lyrics are based on religious tradition, and I think the role of these lyrics is to emphasize social, political and humanistic care. The unique music form of reggae also has had a great influence on music in the word. As far as I am concerned, Caribbean music is a unique style of music under many cultures’ influence, people cannot emphasize the importance of music. The Caribbean music in this new model has many symbolic meanings, it expresses people’s views on religion, though, and humanity in this area.

Role Reversals among Black men and women Essays - Gender

Gender Role Reversals Among Black Men and Women In this paper I would like to explore the role reversals among Black men and women. There have been few studies about Black men and women and their gender roles in relation to each other. The standards of gender roles, and how they play a part in relationships and marriages, had always been based on the White middle and upper class. White men and women have always been the status quo symbol. Black men have not had the opportunity to have a defining moment in which their masculinity nor their roles have been defined. What has caused this role reversal among Black men and women? Women have always been viewed as feminine, emotional creatures, while men have been viewed as strong and protective. With the uprising of the women?s movement, the definition of gender roles for women began to change. No longer were they accepting the roles that had been ?assigned? to them. Black women were forced into the role of provider. While the gender roles of White men have never been questioned, Black men?s gender roles have been like a revolving door- one minute they are the strong breadwinners of the family, and next they are the unemployed, misogynistic thugs of the streets. There are many scholars and writers, Black and White, that believe slavery played an instrumental part in the behavior and attitudes of Black men today. Dating back to slavery, Black women held positions of power within the slave community as well as within their own families. Even though slaves lived together, their marriages were never recognized, promoted or protected. Their coming together was simply a way to produce more slaves for the slave owner. This ploy was a denial of patriarchy used to emasculate Black men; stripping them of their rightful position. A matriarchal system evolved from this, one that is still present today. Taking a look at African men and women prior to the slave trade, there was a distinct system of labor in which women did the agricultural labor while men did the hunting. Upon being brought to America, this system of labor was changed. Men were now forced to do agricultural work alongside women, thus stripping them of their identity as the ?hunter? and l eaving them with no defined role. According to authors Trevor Bunard and Gad Heiman, ?some scholars have suggested that this transformation was akin to de-gendering?(143). Was this the starting point of Black men losing their identity and gender roles that had been established for them? As we entered into the Civil Rights era, the roles of Black men and women took on that of their White counterparts in an effort to re-present themselves into the social structure. They were trying to assimilate into a society that did not match or respect their cultural expectations. Everyone wanted the cute, little house with the white picket fence, well behaved children and a dog. Black men were able to obtain a better education and work more in white collar jobs. Black men had to follow the leader, so to speak, in that they had to mimic White men and their behaviors. They were still struggling to find their masculinity, but in some way they were at least being acknowledged for their work. This allowed the Black man to take control of his family; however, he still had to fight racism and the right to be called a ?man?. Black women were finally able to relax and let the man take the lead. She could take care of her household and raise her children. I believed this lulled Blacks into thinking that they were on the rise to becoming more accepted, thus allowing them to take their rightful place in society. In the Moynihan Report, a study done in 1965 towards the end of the Civil Rights movement, it was stated that the deterioration of the Black society was due to the deterioration of the Black family (Moynihan). After reading this report and its statistics, it seems as if Black families have not progressed much beyond the conditions that they were in at the time of the study. Patrick Moynihan, the author of the study, believed that the lack

Free Essays on The Doctrine Of George Bush

will later justify the military invasion of the US troops into Iraq, known as the â€Å"Iraqi Freedom Operation†. Many people believe that the measures taken by the US government were necessary and therefore absolutely excused, while others are convinced that the actions of the Bush administration contradict the international law. In the closer analysis it is seen that the Bush Doctrine of pre-emptive self-defense is inconsistent with the international law. The Wikipedia (Free Encyclopedia) defines pre-emptive war as â€Å"waged in an attempt to repel or defeat an imminent offensive or invasion, or to gain strategic advantage in an impending (usually unavoidable) war.† Article 51 of the U.N. Charter acknowledges the right to self-defense "if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security." Do the definitions of Encyclopedia and of... Free Essays on The Doctrine Of George Bush Free Essays on The Doctrine Of George Bush â€Å"†¦.Given the goals of rogue states and terrorists, the United States can no longer solely rely on a reactive posture as we have in the past. The inability to deter a potential attacker, the immediacy of today's threats, and the magnitude of potential harm that could be caused by our adversaries' choice of weapons, do not permit that option. We cannot let our enemies strike first†¦.The United States has long maintained the option of pre-emptive actions to counter a sufficient threat to our national security. The greater the threat, the greater is the risk of inaction-and the more compelling the case for taking anticipatory action to defend ourselves, even if uncertainty remains as to the time and place of the enemy's attack. To forestall or prevent such hostile acts by our adversaries, the United States will, if necessary, act pre-emptively.† –those were the words from the Doctrine on the pre-emptive self-defense of the President George Bush, proclaimed on September 2002. Those words will later justify the military invasion of the US troops into Iraq, known as the â€Å"Iraqi Freedom Operation†. Many people believe that the measures taken by the US government were necessary and therefore absolutely excused, while others are convinced that the actions of the Bush administration contradict the international law. In the closer analysis it is seen that the Bush Doctrine of pre-emptive self-defense is inconsistent with the international law. The Wikipedia (Free Encyclopedia) defines pre-emptive war as â€Å"waged in an attempt to repel or defeat an imminent offensive or invasion, or to gain strategic advantage in an impending (usually unavoidable) war.† Article 51 of the U.N. Charter acknowledges the right to self-defense "if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security." Do the definitions of Encyclopedia and of...

Discuss William Shakespeare's Othello, the Moor of Venice as a Tragedy Essay

Discuss William Shakespeare's Othello, the Moor of Venice as a Tragedy - Essay Example A person of great stature can be a tragic hero not anyone else and these guidelines were followed by almost all the great writers, this goes to show a lot about Aristotle and his achievements. William Shakespeare also incorporated Aristotle’s guidelines in his tragedies. Hamlet is a classic example of the same, Hamlet suffers all along in the tragedy, he was the tragic hero because he was a person with great stature, the Prince of Denmark. Aristotle also wrote about tragic flaws and how the same affected the tragic hero. This paper will shed light upon Othello and how the tragic hero suffers excessively in the tragedy. Othello is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare is a household name and he has become a household name because of his exquisite work in literature. Othello is a masterpiece written by Shakespeare and this paper will shed more light upon this tragedy. Othello- The Tragic Hero The role of jealousy is crucial in Othello, human beings have a ll been gifted with very powerful emotions and jealousy is one really strong emotion which can have a lasting impact in a relationship, it can completely destroy a beautiful relationship and the same happens in Othello. The seed of jealousy once planted can have serious ramifications on a relationship. The most important thing is that jealousy does not remain jealousy in Othello, it very soon turns into anger and the same has serious impact on the lives of the characters in the tragedy. Everything revolves around the tragic hero and in this game the tragic hero is none other than Othello, his jealous and extremely possessive nature causes trouble beyond imagination in the tragedy. How Jealousy takes a toll on the Characters Every tragic hero suffers from a tragic flaw and the very same tragic flaw leads to the downfall of the tragic hero, it causes excessive suffering and pain beyond imagination. The tragic hero or the protagonist in this tragedy Othello suffers from the tragic flaw of jealously in the tragedy. Other characters are well aware that he is a very jealous man and they exploit his weakness to the fullest. Iago is the mastermind in the tragedy who tries to dethrone Othello; he exploits the jealous nature of Othello to turn his people against him. He creates several misunderstandings to put Othello in a fix and he succeeds in doing so on numerous occasions. Othello is very extremely possessive of his wife Desdemona and he often says â€Å"My Desdemona† in the tragedy. These words clearly show his obsession for his wife and the same obsession causes a lot of trouble in the tragedy. He firmly believes that he has won her; she was more like a trophy to him than a wife. Possessiveness is also a very big sign of jealously. This again goes to show the jealous nature of Othello, a major reason for his downfall was his jealous nature and there are no two ways about it. He is also an extremist and his behavior is also violent in the tragedy at times. H e loses his head when the handkerchief goes missing; his impulsive nature leads to his destructions. He is of swaying nature; he thinks that his wife has been unfaithful to him which again goes to show how he can easily be influenced by other people who he considers his well-wishers. His jealous nature comes to the forefront after the intervention of Iago, before his intervention there are no

Process Document Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Process Document - Research Paper Example This will alleviate possible injury while you are mowing. Be on the look out for toys, dog bones, branches that have fallen from the trees, cans, snack bags and so forth. Get any of these things out of the way so that you will not run over them when mowing. If there are natural obstacles like rocks that are half buried in your lawn or sewer pipes or anything that is naturally in your lawn, you will want to make a note of where they are or mark them so you do not run into them when mowing. than one yank of the string. On an electric mower, you will have a different kind of start switch that may or may not need a key. You can locate how to start your mower by using the booklet that comes with your mower. 8. Start mowing your lawn. In order to make it look good, it is a good idea to mow it in with even lines. Moving from one end of the yard to the other in an even pattern that is either horizontal or vertical. It is a good idea to choose one way or the other so that your lawn will get used to the pattern that you choose. 9. Move at a good clip. You do not want to move too fast or too slowly. If you move too fast, you will miss spots. If you move too slowly, grass can get clogged in the blades of your lawnmower and this can stall out your lawnmower. 11. After you are finished mowing, it is a good idea to take a rake and clean up your glass clippings if you have not used a bag on your mower. Also, use your hose to spray the undercarriage of the lawn mower to free the blades of any excess grass. Note: You will also want to follow the manufacturers guidelines for cleaning your mower if you have an electric or gas powered lawnmower. 4. If part or all of your lawn is on a slop, mow across it instead of mowing vertically. However, if you are using a riding lawnmower, mowing up and down is best so that you do not tip over while

Call Center Interview Guide Essay Example for Free

Call Center Interview Guide Essay * Support and provide superior service via phones, e-mails and faxes as a receiver and caller * Use questioning and listening skills that support effective telephone communication. * Use an effective approach to handle special telephone tasks like call transfers, taking messages, call backs, holds, interruptions, and unintentional disconnects. * Understand the impact of attitude in handling calls professionally * Effectively deal with job stress, angry callers, and upset customers * Use the most appropriate way to communicate with different behavior types on the telephone. * Apply the elements of building positive rapport with different types of customers over the phone. * Apply the proper telephone etiquette to satisfy various customer situations. * Apply appropriate actions to effectively control a telephone call. * Identify voice skills and how to enhance a good telephone presentation. * Meets commitments to customers * Other duties as assigned. * Display Time flexibility towards shifts as per work floor requirements Responsibilities of an inbound call center agent A call center agent is a person responsible for answering the quires of the customers in case of customer support call center. they are responsible to satisfy customer and maintain good image for the company What is Your Greatest Strength? * When Im working on a project, I dont want just to meet deadlines. Rather, I prefer to complete the project well ahead of schedule. * My time management skills are excellent and Im organized, efficient, and take pride in excelling at my work. * Being an accounting major student has shaped me to be an analytic person. I use to analyze things first before putting actions on them Job Interview Question: What type of work environment do you prefer? * I can be flexible when it comes to my work environment. How do you measure success? I measure professional success by the standards of the company for which I work, the feedback I receive from my peers, supervisors and subordinates. Personally, it is to know Im regarded as a diligent student and a good child to my parents Describe your dream job. I concentrated on my skills in accounting because I realized it is an area where I not only can make significant contributions, but I enjoy using my talent in a corporate environment. How many hours a day/week do you need to work to get the job done? I use my time efficiently at work and, for the most part, its not the number of hours I work; but how effective my time has been to accomplish the job. I’m more than willing to put in the time to be sure the job was completed as quickly and as professionally as possible. Weakness: I had difficulty with calculus this college, but I persevered with tutoring assistance and asking my friends for help. I used extra effort to understand the hard equations until I got it. Salary: I’m open based upon the position and the overall compensation package. Or Id like to know more about the responsibilities and the challenges of the job prior to discussing salary. How Do You Handle Stress / Pressure? * I react to situations, rather than to stress. That way, the situation is handled and doesnt become stressful. * I tend to prioritize my responsibilities so I have a clear idea of what needs to be done. This has helped me effectively manage pressure on everything that I do especially in school works What Are Your Goals for the Future? * My long-term goals involve growing with a company where I can continue to learn, take on additional responsibilities, and contribute as much of value as I can. Why do you want this job? * The honest answer for this question is that I heard that being a call center agent pays big on starters. I need a job where I’ll be able to help my brother in paying for my tuition. Also I find this job a fine opportunity and a place where I’ll be able to contribute my good communication skills and interpersonal skills Why Should We Hire You? * I know I dont have enough experience with this position, but I am willing to learn about it. You should hire me because I can assure you that I am a fast learner and hard working. I want a new challenge in my life to strengthen and improve my skills. * I know that I lack experience but I am eager to learn new things and I am interested in new technology. I am a self motivated person, and I do not lack self confidence. I have good communication skills and I am able to perform well with a team. * Because first of all I believe that this job is suitable for me, second is because I know that this job can help me to ensure myself a better future and lastly is because I need this job to help not only myself but all of the people who trusts my ability, including my family. Tell me something about yourself * I appreciate this opportunity to introduce myelf. My name is Eliza Nartatez. I am a 4th year accounting student aspiring to be a CPA someday. I like reading books and I love to spend my time with my computer, listening to music. I am simple, flexible, self-motivated and a person always willing to do and learn a lot of good things. I can easily adapt to any environment and I am easy to get along with. Contribute: I can contribute my organizational skills and my ability to work well in a group.

J. D. Salinger :: Biography Biographies Essays

J. D. Salinger Biographer Ian Hamilton notes that J. D. Salinger has been notoriously "famous for not wanting to be famous" (4). Born in New York in 1919 and still living today, Salinger leads a rather reclusive lifestyle, choosing to avoid the general attentions of the press, and thus making his life a difficult subject for study. His work, however, has been cherished and studied for many years. He has published many works of fiction both in book form and in magazines such as the New Yorker and Esquire. One of his most intriguing novels is Franny and Zooey, which is actually composed of two short stories bearing those names. It is one of several of Salinger's works involving the Glass family, specifically Franny and her brother Zachary, known in the family as Zooey. "Franny" relates the manner in which she arrives by train to spend an afternoon with her boyfriend Lane, whom she has not seen for some time. Lane is by nature a repressive person, one who, waiting for a train, intentionally tries to "empty his face of all expression that might quite simply, perhaps even beautifully, reveal how he felt about the arriving person" (7). It beautifully and honestly illustrates the nature of their relationship, which is far less than perfect. In the wake of the suicide of her brother Seymour (which readers can learn more about in "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" included in Nine Stories'), Franny searches for spiritual meaning in her life. Her tool in this quest is a book entitled The Way of a Pilgrim, and in following the teachings of this book, she begins to consider the lack of meaning in some of her relationships, which, in this story, alienates Lane. The majority of the story focuses on their dinner conversation, and the tension which develops between the couple is well handled by Salinger; for example, when Franny begins acting strangely, Lane "looked at her, then exhaled an overly expressive stream of smoke down at his plate. 'This is going to be a real little doll of a weekend,' he said" (24). Eventually, out of mental exhaustion, Franny passes out in the restaurant, "Zooey" picks up where "Franny" leaves off; she has been sick as a result of her increasing self-neglect. The reader meets Zooey, who spends the greater part of the story discussing with Franny her condition. Franny reveals the main point of The Way of a Pilgrim, which is to repeat the Jesus Prayer incessantly until it becomes as natural and constant a bodily process as breathing.

Industrialization and the Rise of Big Business Essay

From the period of 1870 to 1900, the United States became one of the world’s strongest and growing industrial nations. An industrial revolution that had begun with the manufacture of cotton and woolen textiles had, by the beginning of the 20th, transformed the production of most everyday goods. Ranging from food, clothing, appliances, and automobiles, the enormous output of industrial production led to the rise of big business as it coordinated methods of distribution and sales to forge an infrastructure for consumer culture. The rise of corporations, such as Carnegie Steel, J.P. Morgan, and Standard Oil, in the late 1800’s, was able to dramatically shape the country politically, socially, and economically and even continues to do so today through new modern finance and monopolies. Industrial growth was mainly fueled by a surplus in resources, immigration and therefore cheap labor, and major technological advances that expanded the capabilities of various industries. As technological advances transformed production and distribution, a wave of inventions, including the typewriter, light bulb, and automobile led into new industries. Through this boom in business, leaders learned how to operate many different financial activities throughout the nation. Ultimately, they were able to become larger and the modern corporation was â€Å"born† into one of the most important roles in the future of business. These corporations seemed â€Å"new† for many people in the country, but corporations actually date back to the 16th and 17th centuries, where they were used by royalty and governments to organize exploration and possible colonization. Many businessmen and politicians had been suspicious of the corporation from the time it first emerged in the late 16th century. Unlike the partnership form of business, which dealt with a small amount of people on a personal level, the corporation separated ownership from management. In Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations, he warns that because managers could not be trusted to steward â€Å"other people’s money†, â€Å"negligence and profusion† would eventually result when businesses organized as corporations. In 1811, New York became the first state that passed legislation concerning protocol and procedure for becoming a corporation, and other states eventually adapted this as well. Corporations were well suited to meet the demands of the Industrial Revolution, which generated a giant increase in business opportunities which, in hand, required massive amounts of money but â€Å"over the last 150 years the corporation has risen from relative obscurity to become the world’s dominant economic institution† (Bakan 5). â€Å"The genius of the corporation as a business form, and the reason for its remarkable rise over the last three centuries, was-and is-its capacity to combine the capital, and thus the economic power, of unlimited numbers of people† (Bakan 9). As corporations become more powerful and fuel development of large-scale industry, they affect politics. The men idolized by some and vilified by other, America’s 19th century Robber Barons were the true creators of the modern corporate era. The railroad was the first major monopoly in the United States. Since these railroads were massive undertakings, they required millions of dollars in capital investment. This was more than could be provided by relatively small group of wealthy men who invested in corporations at the turn of the century and the majority of the money was raised through the sales of stocks and bonds. With greed and corruption heavily present throughout the construction of the railroads, beginning in the 1890s, the corporation underwent a major transformation. The states of New Jersey and Delaware sought to attract valuable incorporation business to their jurisdictions by jettisoning unpopular restrictions from their corporate laws. In addition, they also repealed the rules that required businesses to incorporate only for defined purposes, to exist only for limited durations, and to only operate in certain locations. Another move consisted of loosening control on merger and acquisitions and they abolished the rule that one company could not own stock in another. Soon the rest of the country, not wanting to lose out in the competition for the incorporation business, soon followed their examples with revisions to their own laws. With flexible freedoms and powers now available, there was a large amount of incorporations by businesses. However, with all the constraints on mergers and acquisitions gone, it was only a matter of time before companies bought each other out. â€Å"1,800 corporations were consolidated into 157 between 1898 and 1904. In less than a decade the U.S. economy had been transformed from one in which individually owned enterprises competed freely among themselves into one dominated by a relatively few huge corporations, each owned by many shareholders† (Bakan 14). The era of corporate capitalism had begun with all those consolidations and mergers. With the economy dominated by a few huge corporations, we find ourselves looking at the development of monopolies, development the states started by limiting the set laws. With the growing capitalism pressuring politicians, a bizarre law was passed by the Supreme Court in 1886. â€Å"The courts had fully transformed the corporation into a â€Å"person†, complete with its own identity, separate from the actual people who were its owners and managers, like a real person, to conduct business in its own name, acquire assets, employ workers, pay taxes, and go to court. The logic of this law conceived if corporations were considered free individuals, or â€Å"persons†, corporations should be protected by the Fourteenth Amendment’s right to due process of law and equal protection of the laws, rights originally added to the constitution to protect freed slaves† (Hobsbawm 208). Trusts were becoming a problem after several years of abuse by major corporations. By the end of the 19th century, trusts used to crush competition and create monopolies throughout different industries had gotten to a point where the public demanded that there be something done. Congress ended up passing the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890. This Act has two main prov isions which apply to most of the corporations of the time. Every contract or agreement, in the form of a trust or not, or conspiracy to restraint trade in commerce is illegal and second, it would be illegal for anyone to monopolize, try to monopolize, or conspire to monopolize commerce. The Sherman Act was just the first of a series of laws aimed at controlling attempts by business firms to conspire and establish monopoly power in industry and commerce. Other acts followed when it became apparent that the Sherman Act had loopholes. Teddy Roosevelt was known as the â€Å"trust buster† because of his anti-monopoly views. Many large corporations had complete control of an entire industry and Roosevelt went in to these companies and helped to stop this type of monopoly, even managing to break up Northern Securities and J.P. Morgan. A big supporter of labor, he set up child protection laws, which were used to prevent children to work in factories and set up workman compensation, which is a payment that employers had to pay employees who ge t injured on the job. After the Great Depression occurred sometime around 1929 until the early 1940s, Roosevelt stepped in and called for Congress to help him pass his â€Å"New Deal†. â€Å"The â€Å"New Deal† was a package of regulatory reforms designed to restore economic health by, among other things, crushing the powers and freedoms of corporations† (Bakan 20). On March 9 Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act, which allowed the federal banks to be inspected. They also passed the Glass-Steagall Act, which had stringent rules for banks and provided insurance for depositors through the newly created Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Two more acts in 1933 and 1934, mandated specific regulations for the securities market, enforced by the new Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Several bills provided mortgage relief for farmers and homeowners and offered loans for home purchasers through. Also, the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 gave federal protection in the bargaining process for workers and established a set of fair employment standards. The National Labor Relations Act guaranteed workers the right to organize and bargain through unions and the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, the last major program launched by Roosevelt specified maximum hours and minimum wages for most categories of workers. A monopoly is considered an economic situation in which only a single seller or producer supplies a commodity or a service. Economic monopolies have existed throughout most of history and in modern times we still deal with their continued threat. We usually encounter monopolies when giant business firms began to emerge and dominate the economy. Usually more than one firm in the same industry grows and dominates the market resulting in oligopoly, in which the market is dominated by a few firms. A modern example is Microsoft, which was founded in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. In 1985, Microsoft released the Windows OS, an OS with the same features of MS- DOS just with a graphical user interface added for ease of use. Windows 2.0, released in 1987, improved performance and offered a new visual appearance. In 1990 Microsoft released a more powerful version, Windows 3.0. These versions, which came preinstalled on most new personal computers, becoming the most widely used operating systems in the industry at the time. In 1993 Apple lost a copyright-infringement lawsuit against Microsoft that claimed Window s illegally copied the design of the Macintosh’s operating system. In May 1998, the Justice Department and 20 states filed broad anti-trust suits charging Microsoft with engaging in â€Å"monopolistic† conduct. They wanted to force Microsoft to offer Windows without Internet Explorer or to include Navigator, a competing browser made by Netscape. In November 2001 Microsoft announced a settlement with the Justice Department and nine of the states. Key provisions included requiring Microsoft to reveal technical information about the Windows operating system to competitors so that software applications could be compatible with Windows, while also enabling personal computer manufacturers to hide icons for activating Microsoft software applications. A computer manufacturer could therefore remove access to Internet Explorer and enable another Internet browser to be displayed on the desktop. Corporations transformed the U.S. economy through breakthroughs in technology as well as new business practices and strategies. â€Å"The early Industrial Revolution not only changed manufacturing technically but also introduced a new organization of industry. These innovations followed from the new machinery but had advantages of their own. Together, these changes constitute its economic impact† (Stearns). Americans created giant enterprises. Businesses such as Standard Oil and Carnegie Steel brought together huge stocks of natural resources and unprecedented quantities of modern machinery to mass-produce goods for domestic and international markets. In meeting these demands, American entrepreneurs pioneered the development of modern business with its large-scale production and widespread markets, first by developing the railroad industry and then by creating industrial corporations. These railroads were massive undertakings, they required millions of dollars in capital investment. This was more than could be provided by relatively small group of wealthy men who invested in corporations at the turn of the century and the majority of the money was raised through the sales of stocks and bonds. â€Å"Everything the stock market is, and was, rooted in the basic idea of capitalism. Without that idea, stocks and bonds would never have come to be. Capitalism is an â€Å"economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned and development is proportionate to the accumulation and reinvestment of profits gained in a free market† (Hobsbawn 48). In the steel industry, Carnegie developed a system known as vertical integration. Carnegie bought his own iron and coal mines because using independent companies cost too much and was inefficient. Through this method he was able to charge less than any of his competitors. Unlike Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller integrated his oil business into horizontal. He followed one product through all its stages. Although, Carnegie inclined to be tough-fisted in business, he was not a monopolist and disliked monopolistic trusts. John D. Rockefeller came to dominate the oil industry. He created the first U.S. trust in 1882 by persuading the stockholders of the 40 companies associated with his to turn over their common stock to nine trustees in exchange for trust certificates. However, in 1911, the Supreme Court found that unlawful monopoly power existed in his company ordered him to dissolve it into smaller, competing companies. The development of trusts coincided with industrialization in the U.S. The trust movement was both a way to create large-scale business firms in this period and a downfall of the tremendous growth of industry. The success of the Standard Oil Company and U.S. Steel company was credited to the fact that their owners ran them with great authority. In this very competitive era, many new businesses were being formed and it took talented management to get ahead and have the companies running smoothly while making a great deal of money. As corporations expanded they affected the social outlook of the nation and brought social changes fueled by the Industrial Revolution. â€Å"In the wake of the twentieth- century merger movement, many Americans realized that corporations, now huge behemoths, threatened to overwhelm their social institutions and governments† (Bakan 17). Many people believed that corporate greed and mismanagement had caused the Great Depression. In response, business leaders embraced corporate social responsibility, believing that it was the best strategy to restore people’s faith in corporations. â€Å"New Capitalism† was the term that was used to describe the trend that softened corporations’ images with promises of good corporate citizenship and better working conditions. â€Å"By the end of WWI, some of America’s leading corporations, among them, General Electric, Eastman Kodak, National cash register, Standard Oil, and US Rubber, were busy crafting images of themselves as benevolent and socially responsible† (Bakan 18). As economic activities in many communities moved from agriculture to manufacturing, production shifted from its traditional locations in the home and the small workshop to larger and more capable factories. A great amount of the population relocated from the countryside to the towns and cities where manufacturing centers were found. The overall amount of goods and services produced expanded dramatically, and the proportion of capital invested per worker grew. Industrialization gradually changed the nature of human life for many people. For the first time in American history, more than half the country’s population lived in cities. In Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations, he states that the most decisive mark of the prosperity of any country is the increase of the number of its inhabitants. On average, the population doubles in England and most other European countries around every 500 years. In America, the population doubles in about 25 years. With continued expansion of industrialization, America moves forward and advances with greater rapidity to the further acquisition of riches than any other countries. Key changes revolved around families as well, with work now farther from home, new specializations are required among some. While some women would be withdrawn from the formal labor force in order to supply domestic labor, and children were sent to school instead of being used in early industry. Outside the home, industrialization created new and unpleasant social divisions. The gap between the factory owners and the growing number of workers widened. New forms of protest, including strikes and political action developed alongside the advancement of industrialization. For years they had working long days on the farms, it’s the nature of the work that was biggest issue. Factory work tended to be monotonous and made work more dangerous. While on the farm, in the midst of the hard work, there was socializing and irregularity for the workers. Once in the shop, the workers had to deal with strict time schedules, and harsh working conditions. While wages were often low in the early years of industrialization, they ultimately improved, creating new opportunities for consumption. A small number of workers could also rise to become more highly skilled, even entering the ranks of supervisors. More substantial advancement, however, was rare. Most workers ultimately reduced their reliance on job satisfaction and sought shorter hours and higher pay instead. But life off the job did not necessarily improve rapidly. Working-class families might be tightly knit, but new tensions appeared. Many workers vented their frustrations on other family members and leisure life initially deteriorated with industrialization. Carnegie Steel, J.P. Morgan, and Standard Oil, are just some of the many corporations that rose in the late 1800’s, and were able to dramatically shape the country politically, socially, and economically and even continues to do so today. Without them, America would not be the world superpower that it currently is. The shift from and agricultural society into an industrial one may have been difficult for who lived during that era. However, by the turn of the century, industrialization had transformed commerce, business organization, the, the workplace, technology and general everyday life in America into something solid and positively profound. Now we face the challenge of deciding whether to leave the market to itself or to have the government regulate or control it. I believe that government control won’t amount to anything because of all the extra work needed. If the market was left to itself then corporations may take advantage of certain elements and monopolies may dominate the market. This best compromise would be for the government to regulate the market in a way that corporations are forced to do legitimate and legal business.

The Moral Equality Of Animals Vs Humans - 1428 Words

The Moral Equality of Animals vs Humans The discretion between animal versus human equality has been a controversial subject for many years. Philosophers and activists have pushed this matter into debate among the general society in our culture. What exactly is moral equality for animals? Some say it is equal rights to animals, and others say it is equal consideration of the animal. To understand the scope of equality based on rights, one must unfold the determination of a right in itself. Carl Cohen argues that animals have no rights, because they do not have the ability to know what a right is, but should never be treated inhumanely (Cohen 339). I will argue that Cohen’s view on animal rights is valid and sound, because animals are of instinct nature and do not perceive in according to human perception. Also, the opposite view would have detrimental effects on our population, economy, and natural habitat. Nevertheless, animals have the ability to feel pain and that aspect, certainly, for the sake of our morality, cannot be ignored. Carl Cohen is a Professor of Philosophy at the University of Michigan. In philosophy, his main interests focus on matters of practical importance including the moral status of animals and the uses of animals in biological science a.k.a animal experimentation. Cohen claims that animals have no rights because they cannot understand what a right is (Cohen 340). A right, according to Cohen, is a claim that someone may exercise against another.Show MoreRelatedFeral Cats1467 Words   |  6 Pagesthe nation. Feral Cats should be Trapped, Neutered, and Released instead of being Trapped and Killed. The Cats should only be euthanized in the case of irreparable diseases. These cats deserve animal liberation in the sense that they feel pain just as we as humans do, and we as humans possess the moral duty to prevent that pain. 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